MixInYeast: A Multicenter Study on Mixed Yeast Infections.

Invasive candidiasis remains one of the most prevalent systemic mycoses, and several studies have documented the presence of mixed yeast (MY) infections. Here, we describe the epidemiology, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of MY infections causing invasive candidiasis in a multicenter prospective study. Thirty-four centers from 14 countries participated. Samples were collected in each center between April to September 2018, and they were sent to a reference center to confirm identification by sequencing methods and to perform antifungal susceptibility testing, according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). A total of 6895 yeast cultures were identified and MY occurred in 150 cases (2.2%). Europe accounted for the highest number of centers, with an overall MY rate of 4.2% (118 out of 2840 yeast cultures). Of 122 MY cases, the most frequent combinations were Candida albicans/C. glabrata (42, 34.4%), C. albicans/C. parapsilosis (17, 14%), and C. glabrata/C. tropicalis (8, 6.5%). All Candida isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, 6.4% were fluconazole-resistant, and two isolates (1.6%) were echinocandin-resistant. Accurate identification of the species involved in MY infections is essential to guide treatment decisions.

[GEMICOMED/GEIRAS-SEIMC recommendations for the management of Candida auris infection and colonization]. / Recomendaciones GEMICOMED/GEIRAS-SEIMC para el manejo de las infecciones y colonizaciones por Candida auris.

Candida auris is a new species of Candida that causes nosocomial outbreaks in several countries around the world, including Spain. C.auris is resistant to fluconazole and multi- and pan-resistant strains have been described. It is highly transmissible and can survive long term in the hospital environment, causing long-lasting outbreaks that are difficult to detect in early stages, and making it difficult to control and eradicate. It is currently an emerging threat to global health. This document provides a set of guidelines, developed by a multidisciplinary team, to limit the impact and facilitate the control of C.auris infection based on the experiences gathered in the Spanish and English outbreaks. The implementation of early and strict surveillance and control measures is essential to prevent the spread of the outbreak, which can spread over time, posing a significant risk to complex, critical and immunocompromised surgical patients. Immediate notification of C.auris isolation to clinical and infection control teams, as well as to health authorities and institutions, is essential to implement infection control measures at all levels in a timely manner, to prevent internal and inter-centre transmission, and to ensure a proper surveillance and prevention to patients who are already colonized and can develop an infection.

Recomendaciones GEMICOMED/GEIRAS-SEIMC para el manejo de las infecciones y colonizaciones por Candida auris / GEMICOMED/GEIRAS-SEIMC recommendations for the management of Candida auris infection and colonization

Candida auris es una nueva especie de Candida responsable de diversos brotes nosocomiales en varios países del mundo, incluida España; es resistente al fluconazol y se han descrito cepas multi y panresistentes. Presenta una elevada transmisibilidad y extensa supervivencia en el entorno hospitalario, lo que es causa de brotes de larga duración difíciles de detectar en fases tempranas y dificulta su control e intento de erradicación. C.auris constituye actualmente una amenaza emergente para la salud global. Para limitar el impacto y facilitar el control de la infección por C.auris, el presente documento ofrece un conjunto de recomendaciones basadas en las experiencias obtenidas en los brotes de España y del Reino Unido, elaboradas por un equipo multidisciplinar. La puesta en marcha de medidas de vigilancia y control es esencial para evitar la propagación del brote, que puede prolongarse en el tiempo y representar así un riesgo importante para los pacientes quirúrgicos complejos, críticos e inmunocomprometidos. La notificación inmediata del aislamiento de C.auris a los equipos clínicos y de control de infecciones, así como a las autoridades e instituciones sanitarias, es esencial para implementar las medidas de control de infecciones a todos los niveles y escalas de manera oportuna, para evitar la transmisión interna e intercentros, y para garantizar la vigilancia y la prevención del desarrollo de infecciones en pacientes que ya se encuentran colonizados

Candida auris is a new species of Candida that causes nosocomial outbreaks in several countries around the world, including Spain. C.auris is resistant to fluconazole and multi- and pan-resistant strains have been described. It is highly transmissible and can survive long term in the hospital environment, causing long-lasting outbreaks that are difficult to detect in early stages, and making it difficult to control and eradicate. It is currently an emerging threat to global health. This document provides a set of guidelines, developed by a multidisciplinary team, to limit the impact and facilitate the control of C.auris infection based on the experiences gathered in the Spanish and English outbreaks. The implementation of early and strict surveillance and control measures is essential to prevent the spread of the outbreak, which can spread over time, posing a significant risk to complex, critical and immunocompromised surgical patients. Immediate notification of C.auris isolation to clinical and infection control teams, as well as to health authorities and institutions, is essential to implement infection control measures at all levels in a timely manner, to prevent internal and inter-centre transmission, and to ensure a proper surveillance and prevention to patients who are already colonized and can develop an infection

Episodios de salmonelosis no tifoidea en pacientes adultos del Área Valladolid Oeste en 2017: evaluación de la idoneidad de la petición del cultivo microbiológico y del tratamiento pautado / Episodes of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in adult patients of the Valladolid West Area in 2017: evaluation of the suitability of the microbiological culture request and the prescribed treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las salmonelosis gastroenteríticas suponen aún la segunda causa diagnosticada de diarrea infecciosa en nuestro medio, la mayoría de estos cuadros clínicos son leves y autolimitados y por eso el uso de antibióticos está circunscrito a pocos supuestos. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir los episodios de diarrea por Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, valorando la idoneidad de la petición y del uso de antibióticos de acuerdo a los criterios que figuran en la metodología. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo recabando datos de la historia clínica. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 122 episodios. El motivo guía de consulta fue la diarrea, que generó una mayor demanda en los Servicios de Urgencia Hospitalaria (42,6%). Se aislaron sobre todo el serotipo Enteritidis (53,3%) y Typhimurium (40,2%). La adecuación de la petición del coprocultivo fue alta, 90,2%. Se prescribió antibiótico en el 64,6% (79) de los episodios, la mayoría en pacientes menores de 65 años (58 episodios), con una media de edad de 48,43 años. Los episodios se trataron principalmente con ciprofloxacino y azitromicina, en 57 y 14 episodios respectivamente. La duración media de la antibioterapia fue de 6 días. Existió un adecuado uso de los antibióticos en un 49,1%. Cuando el origen de la petición fue el Servicio de Urgencias hospitalario resultó inadecuado en el 63,5% (33) de ellos. Fue inadecuado en un 60,0% (39) de episodios cuando se aisló Salmonella serotipo Enteriditis. En casi la mitad, el 48,85% (42) de los 58 episodios en que se prescribió antibiótico entre los menores de 65 años (86), no estaba indicado. CONCLUSIONES: Se deberían implementar acciones formativas enfocadas a optimizar el manejo de antibióticos en esta entidad así como promover contribuciones que describan esta realidad

INTRODUCTION: Gastroenteritic salmonellosis is still the second cause diagnosed of infectious diarrhea, most of these clinical pictures are mild and self-limited and therefore the use of antibiotics is limited to few cases. The aim of the study was to describe the episodes of diarrhea caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, assessing the suitability of the request and the use of antibiotics according to the criteria included in the methodology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was conducted, collecting data from the clinical history. RESULTS: A total of 122 episodes were included. The reason for consultation was diarrhea, which generated a greater demand in the Hospital Emergency Services (42.6%). The most frequent serotypes isolated were Enteritidis (53.3%), and Typhimurium (40.2%). The adequate request of the stool was 90.2%. Antibiotic was prescribed in 64.6% (79) of the episodes, most patients under 65 years (58 episodes), the average age was 48.43 years. They were treated mainly with ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, in 57 and 14 episodes, respectively. The average duration of antibiotic treatment was 6 days. There was an adequate use of antibiotics in 49.1% of episodes. When the origin of the request was the Hospital Emergency Service, it was inadequate in 63.5% (33) of them. It was inadequate in 60.0% (39) of episodes when ser. Enteritidis was isolated. Almost half, 48.85% (42) of the 58 episodes in which antibiotics were prescribed among those under 65 (86), were treated without being indicated. CONCLUSIONS: Training actions should be implemented focused on optimizing the management of antibiotics in this entity

Micosis infrecuentes / Uncommon mycoses

Antecedentes: La posibilidad de infección fúngica debe tenerse presente en heridas extensas que hayan estado en contacto con el suelo o materia orgánica, aun cuando el paciente sea inmunocompetente. Nuestro objetivo al presentar este caso es contribuir al conocimiento epidemiológico y perfil de sensibilidad de hongos filamentosos que son aislados raramente en muestras clínicas y que pueden ocasionar infecciones potencialmente muy graves. Caso clínico: En las heridas de una paciente inmunocompetente víctima de un atropello se aislaron cuatro hongos filamentosos: Lichtheimia corymbifera, Scedosporium boydii, Fusarium solani y Purpureocillium lilacinum. Algunos de ellos fueron aislados simultáneamente de diversas localizaciones. Se realizó un estudio de sensibilidad a la anfotericina B, posaconazol, voriconazol, itraconazol y anidulafungina mediante Etest a los cuatro hongos. El perfil de sensibilidad obtenido no resultó discordante con los datos aportados en la literatura consultada. Conclusiones: La actuación precoz ante infecciones por hongos filamentosos es primordial, tanto en el tratamiento antifúngico como, muy importante, en la realización de cirugía, limpieza y desbridamientos periódicos de los tejidos afectados. Establecer el perfil de sensibilidad de los hongos implicados contribuye al mejor conocimiento de estos patógenos infrecuentes, cuya incidencia aumenta

Background: Fungal infections should be suspected in severe wounds that have been contaminated with organic material or soil, even when the patient is immunocompetent. The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding and knowledge of the antifungal sensitivity and epidemiology of some rare pathogens that may trigger severe infections. Case report: Four different moulds were isolated from the wounds of an immunocompetent woman who was involved in a road accident: Lichtheimia corymbifera, Scedosporium boydii, Fusarium solani and Purpureocillium lilacinum. Some of them were isolated from different sites. A profile of in vitro resistance was performed with an Epsilometer (Etest(TM)) using five antifungal agents: voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, anidulafungin an amphotericin B. The results obtained were consistent with those from other cases reported in the literature. Conclusions: Early aggressive surgery, antifungal therapy and, above all, frequent debridement of necrotic tissue, are the tools against filamentous fungi infections. Antifungal sensitivity of any mould involved in an infection has to be determined, in order to a better understanding of these rare pathogens whose incidence is increasing

[Uncommon mycoses]. / Micosis infrecuentes.

BACKGROUND: Fungal infections should be suspected in severe wounds that have been contaminated with organic material or soil, even when the patient is immunocompetent. The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding and knowledge of the antifungal sensitivity and epidemiology of some rare pathogens that may trigger severe infections. CASE REPORT: Four different moulds were isolated from the wounds of an immunocompetent woman who was involved in a road accident: Lichtheimia corymbifera, Scedosporium boydii, Fusarium solani and Purpureocillium lilacinum. Some of them were isolated from different sites. A profile of in vitro resistance was performed with an Epsilometer (Etest™) using five antifungal agents: voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, anidulafungin an amphotericin B. The results obtained were consistent with those from other cases reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Early aggressive surgery, antifungal therapy and, above all, frequent debridement of necrotic tissue, are the tools against filamentous fungi infections. Antifungal sensitivity of any mould involved in an infection has to be determined, in order to a better understanding of these rare pathogens whose incidence is increasing.

Descriptivo de Hafnia alvei aisladas en coprocultivo: aproximación a su valoración en clínica / A descriptive study of Hafnia alvei isolated from stool samples: an approach to its clinical assessment

Introducción. El papel de Hafnia alvei en la etiología de diarrea en humanos es todavía muy controvertido; el objetivo del estudio fue describir la población en cuyos coprocultivos se aisló H. alvei y el manejo terapéutico de estos casos en nuestro Área de Salud. Material y métodos. Para ello se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 2014 y 2015. Se recogieron en la historia clínica informatizada, variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados. Se procesaron 7.290 coprocultivos, 3.321 en 2014, 58 (1,7%) en los que se aisló H. alvei y 3.969 en 2015, 53 (1,3%) positivos. El 60,4% de las muestras fueron aisladas en mujeres. La edad media fue de 38,68 años. El 68,5% provenían de Atención Primaria. En el 71,2% se recogió clínica asociada, siendo el más frecuente la diarrea en el 57,7%. En el 75,7% de los casos no existía patología de base asociada. El 43,2% de los casos recibió tratamiento de los cuales el 66,7% de los pacientes procedían de Atención Primaria. La duración media del tratamiento fue de 8 días. En el 85,4% de los casos tratados, la evolución fue favorable. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a ciprofloxacino y trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol. Conclusiones. Faltan estudios que establezcan de forma concluyente la enteropatogenicidad o no de H. alvei (AU)

Introduction. The importance in human diarrhoeal disease of Hafnia alvei is unclear. The objective of the study was to describe the population which was isolated H. alvei in stool cultures and the therapeutic management of these cases in our Health Area. Material and methods. A descriptive retrospective study was carried out in 2014 and 2015. Epidemiological, clinical, treatment and evolution variables were collected in the computerized clinical history. Result. A collection of 7,290 stool specimens were processed, 3,321 in 2014 and 3,969 in 2015, of which 58 (1.7%) and 53 (1.3%) were positive for H. alvei, respectively. A 60.4% of samples were isolated in women. The mean age was 38.68 years. A 68.5% of samples were from primary care. In 71.2% there was related clinic, diarrhoea in 57.7%. In 75.7% of the cases there was not associated underlying disease. A 43.2% of the cases received treatment. A 66.7% of treated patients came from Primary Care. The mean duration of treatment was 8 days. The evolution was favourable in 85.4% of the cases treated. All strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions. More evidence is needed to support H. alvei as a cause of gastroenteritis (AU)

Prevalencia de virus del papiloma humano en mujeres españolas de un programa de cribado poblacional / Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Spanish women from a population screening program

Introducción. El virus del papiloma humano (VPH), es causa necesaria para el desarrollo de cáncer de cuello uterino. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de mujeres con infección por VPH, adheridas al Programa de Prevención y Detección precoz de Cáncer de cuello de útero de Castilla y León (España). Material y métodos. Se han evaluado los resultados del análisis de VPH en las muestras de las mujeres incluidas en el programa de cribado poblacional. El estudio incluye un total de 120.326 muestras de frotis de cérvix, recogidas en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2014. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 12.183 muestras con detección positiva de ADN de VPH, correspondiendo a una prevalencia de 9,6‰ (IC 95% 9,5%-9,8%), en la población femenina. Los VPH asociados a un alto riesgo de transformación celular se encuentran en mayor proporción que los de bajo riesgo (5,9% vs 2,23%). La prevalencia está inversamente relacionada con la edad de las mujeres del cribado. La presencia de infecciones múltiples de VPH se demuestra en un tercio de las mujeres analizadas. Conclusiones. Estos resultados son los primeros y más amplios de un programa de cribado poblacional estructurado en España y deben servir como referencia para futuros estudios y medir el impacto futuro de la vacunación (AU)

Introduction. The human papillomavirus (HPV), is necessary to cause a woman developing cervical cancer. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of women with HPV infection, covered by the program of prevention and early detection of cervical cancer of Castile and León (Spain). Material and methods. Samples of women included in the screening program were analyzed. Including a total of 120,326 cervical swab samples, collected in the period from January 2012 to December 2014. Results. 12,183 HPV positive samples were detected, representing a prevalence of 9.6 ‰, (IC 95% 9.5%-9.8%) in the female population. High-risk HPV were found in higher proportion that HPV low-risk genotypes. HPV prevalence correlates inversely with women age. Coinfections of multiple genotypes were found in one third of screened women population. Conclusions. Data showed in this study are the first and wider Spanish results from a cervical cancer screening program population non opportunistic based on HPV detection. These results would serve as a reference for future prevalence studies and to evaluate the future impact of HPV vaccination campaigns (AU)